Is Freezer Burned Food Safe to Consume?

Safe food storage is essential to maintaining food safety in a food business. This means that perishable foods must be kept at the appropriate temperature in order to prevent the growth of harmful pathogens that cause food-borne illness. Storing at the appropriate temperature also keeps food from spoiling at a quicker rate.

The growth of harmful pathogens occurs in the Temperature Danger Zone*. This means that hot food must be kept hot and cold food must be kept cold in order to keep the foods out of the Temperature Danger Zone.

For cold foods, this means storing foods in the refrigerator at 0°C to 4°C (32°F — 40°F) and in the freezer at -18°C / 0°F or lower. However, storing cold food involves more than ensuring they are stored at the appropriate temperature. Frozen foods can be subject to freezer burn easily in any food business.

*In Manitoba, the Temperature Danger Zone is between 5°C and 60°C (41°F – 140°F). For the rest of Canada, it is between 4°C and 60°C (40°F – 140°F).

What is freezer burn?

When food items are frozen in the freezer, the water molecules within the food item form ice crystals. The water crystals migrate from the food item to the coldest part of the freezer, which is often the side of the freezer. This loss of water molecules leaves the food item dehydrated and the end result is what is known as freezer burn.

What causes freezer burn?

Freezer burn can occur for a variety of reasons, the most common one being that the food was not stored properly in the freezer. Food items need to be wrapped tightly and securely so that water molecules cannot escape.

Freezer burn can also occur from food items being stored too long in the freezer. There are appropriate storage times for frozen food. Eventually, water molecules will escape frozen food, even when properly sealed and stored. Refer to the CIFS Recommended Food Storage Times Resource for information on how long to store specific food items in the freezer.

If a food business finds freezer-burned food in the freezer, they must check that the freezer is maintaining an appropriate temperature of -18°C / 0°F or lower. Freezer burn can occur when a freezer is fluctuating in temperature.

Is freezer-burned food safe to eat or serve?

When a food business finds freezer-burned food in the freezer, there will be concerns about whether the food is safe to cook and serve. The good news is that freezer-burned food is not an issue of food safety. Freezer-burned food is safe to eat. Unfortunately, freezer-burned food is more of a quality issue.

Food that is freezer-burned will have lost its texture and taste. This is an issue for food businesses since serving a menu item that tastes off, even if it is safe to eat, will not be appealing to customers. Food businesses need to be able to identify whether food is freezer burned in order to determine what food should be tossed for quality issues.

How to determine if food is freezer burned

Food businesses must know what freezer-burned food looks like in order to be able to assess whether to prepare and serve a thawed food item. Here are some visual clues that food from the freezer is freezer burned:

• beef has dry spots on it that look grey or brown
• protein food items are discoloured
• vegetables appear dull and slimy
• packaging is ripped, leaving a part of the food exposed
• there are white spots (ice crystals) on the food item

When to discard thawed food

Sometimes it is better to err on the side of caution when it comes to thawed food. Thawed food should be discarded if:

• you thaw meat and find that it is slimy or dull in texture
• you thaw a food item and it smells off or weird
• there is no label with a date for when the food was frozen
• the food item is frozen in a puddle of water in the freezer

Tips for avoiding freezer burn

Proper storage and temperature control are essential to preventing freezer burn. Food businesses should do the following:

• Ensure that food is sealed appropriately and wrapped tightly.
• Let any excess air out of freezer bags before sealing.
• Let hot food cool down before freezing.
• Label all food items with a name and date before storing.
• Ensure that freezers are operating at the proper temperature of -18°C / 0°F or lower.
• Use frozen food items within the recommended storage time frame.

Cold food storage and food safety training

How to properly store food, including food in the freezer, is key to maintaining food that is safe for consumption and of good quality. The Canadian Institute of Food Safety provides training on this, and many other essential food safety topics, through its Food Handler Certification Course